Geometry Communication-Introduction

Objectives AND OVERVIEW

1.   Describe why the use of graphics is an effective means of communicating when designing. pp. 2-7

2.   Describe the engineering design process and the role graphics play. pp. 7-16

3.   Describe the model-centered design process. pp. 10-11

4.   Explain the role 3-D modeling plays in the engineering design process. p. 29

5.   Describe the role of CM, PLM, and PDM in the engineering enterprise. p. 13

6.      Describe the important types of graphics used to support the engineering design process. pp. 17-19

7.      List and describe the modeling techniques used in design. p. 21

8.      List and describe the analysis techniques used in design. p. 25

9.      Describe additional technologies used to capture data, output, and visualize 3-D models. pp. 45-51

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1. Explain the difference between engineers and technologists.

Engineers are creative (usually formally educated) people who use technical means to solve problems.  They design products, systems, devices, and structures to improve our living conditions.  Technologists work with and for engineers and are concerned with the practical aspects of engineering in planning and production.    p. 3

2. How can visualizing help an engineer in the design process?

Visualizing allows design engineers to mentally picture things in their minds that do not exist.  Additionally, good visualization skills allow them to visualize motion, change the form or shape, and move around and picture the inside of the mental image of the design problem.    p. 6

3. What are the three main areas or phases of the model-centered design process?  Do the activities in these areas happen in a sequential fashion?

The three main areas or phases of the model-centered design process are ideation, refinement, and implementation.  Model-centered engineering design is a nonlinear team approach to design that brings together the input, processes, and output elements necessary to produce a product.    pp. 10-11

4. Explain how PLM is used in the design process.  What is its relationship to CIC?

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is an organizational model that involves all departments in a company, including the engineering design process, in the design and manufacture of a product.  In addition to CAD software, other specialized software products and technologies are used in conjunction.  PLM is used as a basis for creating the accumulated corporate intellectural capital (CIC) of a company or organization.     pp. 13-15

5. Outline the steps of problem identification in the ideation phase.

Problem identification is an ideation process consisting of the following six elements:  problem statement, research, data gathering, objectives, limitations, and scheduling.    p17

6. What kinds of graphics are used in the ideation phase?

In the ideation phase the types of graphics used include charts, graphs, ideation sketches and drawings, design drawings, analysis and concept models, and presentation graphics.    pp. 17-19

7. What is the designer’s notebook?  How is it used?

A designer’s notebook is similar to a diary and contains meticulous notes and sketches that are organized to show the path of development for a product and process.  A well-documented notebook contains notes, calculations, signatures, and dates making an accurate document for an original design.    pp. 19-20

8. Outline the main activities in the refinement phase.

Refinement is a repetitive (iterative or cyclical) process used to test a preliminary design and makes use of the following:  modeling, design analysis, and design visualization.    pp. 20-21

9. Describe the different kinds of models used in the design process.

In engineering design, models are classified as either descriptive or predictive and are described in further detail as follows:  Descriptive models can consist of 3-D CAD or physical scale models used simply to visually represent the design.  Predictive models can be mathematical or virtual 3-D CAD models that can be used to analyze the motion or physical properties of the design.    p. 21

10. Describe the different kinds of analysis techniques used in the design process.

Typical types of analysis performed on designs include:  property analysis, mechanism analysis, functional analysis, human factors analysis, aesthetic analysis, market analysis, and financial analysis.    p. 25

11. Outline the three ways the 3-D model database can be used in the implementation phase.

(1) Production – 3-D CAD models are used to run machine tools and make parts and lay out the factory floor.  (2) Marketing – 3-D CAD models are used for illustrations, presentation graphics, and advertising.  (3)  Service & documentation – 3-D CAD models are used for service manuals, training, and assembly instructions.    pp. 29-33

12. What kinds of documentation might be produced as part of the design process?

Design process documentation can include 2-D drawings, 3-D design models, presentation drawings, and illustrations.    p. 33

13. Explain the role of PDM in the design process.  What is the relationship of ERP to PDM?

Product data management (PDM) is the name given to specific computer-based tools used to track CAD or office documents with user-defined data fields, such as revisions, authors, date, etc., in the development and manufacture of a product.  Within PDM, enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a system that specifically focuses on the ordering of material and planning for the manufacture of a product.    pp. 38-39

14. What is the difference between conventions and standards?

Conventions are accepted practices, rules, or methods used in the production of visual elements, such as dashed lines or hidden features, on a multiview drawing.  Standards are sets of rules (formal; ANSI or ISO) that govern how technical drawings are represented.    p. 42

15. Describe two reverse engineering techniques.

Two reverse engineering techniques are (1) the use of coordinate measuring machines (CMM) to physically take key dimensions from an existing object or part and (2) the use of laser scanning to make critical measurements from existing parts.   p. 44

16. Describe two different rapid prototyping technologies.

Two different forms of rapid prototyping technology are:  (1)  Stereolithography (SLA) – using a laser-focused beam to harden a light-sensitive polymer, and (2) fused deposition modeling (FDM) – using a molten plastic to deposit a series of very thin layers to build and create a part.    p. 46

17. Explain why an enterprise might want to store data in an off-site data warehouse.

One critical reason for using off-site data warehousing to store data is to protect against loss from fire or other catastrophes at the company’s engineering center.    p. 47

18. Describe two different VR display techniques.

Two different VR display techniques are (1) the use of head-mounted displays (HDM) for individual users and (2) multiple projection systems called computer augemented virtual environments (CAVEs) for multiple users in a larger physical space.    p. 50